The Merlion is a mythical creature with the head of lion and the body of a fish, that was first created in 1964 as the corporate logo for the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board (STPB). The Merlion’s trademark was registered on 20 July 1966 and the logo was used for 33 years up till 1997. Although the Singapore Tourism Board (STB) changed its logo in 1997, the board retains exclusive rights to use the symbol.
The Merlion’s creator was British zoologist Alec Fraser-Brunner, then curator of the Van Kleef Aquarium in Singapore. The Merlion’s fish-like body is a nod to Singapore’s origins as a fishing village historically known as Temasek. The lion head recalls the legend in the Malay Annals when Sang Nila Utama, a Srivijayan prince of Palembang, first landed on the shores of this island. He saw a strange beast near the mouth of the Singapore River which he later identified as a lion, leading him to rename Temasek as Singapura (lion city in Sanskrit).
The first Merlion statue was constructed in 1972 by local sculptor Lim Nang Seng, based on a blueprint by artist Kwan Sai Kheong. Mr Lim was commissioned to build the statue after winning several prizes in the Singapore Handicraft and Design competition organised by STPB.
Unbeknownst to many Singaporeans, the late Mr Lim did not build the Merlion alone – he had the help of all his eight children, then aged 11 to 23. The older ones would climb up the wooden scaffolding and work on the Merlion’s eyes, while the younger children would carve out the fish scales and fins on the Merlion’s tail. The children were happy to help their father and would go down to the site (the original Merlion Park at the mouth of the Singapore River) almost every day before or after school.
Before building the Merlion, Mr Lim was a pioneer of sculpture in Singapore who exhibited regularly at local arts exhibitions. He reportedly studied sculptural techniques from a young age and designed the first batch of Singapore’s one-cent coins in 1967.
On 15 September 1972, then Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew officiated the installation ceremony and unveiled the Merlion statue at the mouth of the Singapore River. Along with the larger 8.6m high statue, Mr Lim also constructed a smaller 2m tall statue that is commonly referred as the “Merlion cub”. The Merlion statue faced east, an auspicious feng shui (Chinese geomancy) orientation that is believed to bring prosperity. True enough, the Merlion Park became a popular tourist spot that was known far and wide.
Over the years, the statue deteriorated and stopped spouting water periodically. This was because its pump system was corroded by exposure to seawater. In 1997, the Esplanade Bridge was built to increase accessibility from the Downtown area to Nicoll Highway and Marina Centre, but this meant that views of the Merlion from the waterfront were blocked. These reasons brought about a pressing need for the Merlion to be re-located and restored. In 2002, eight locations were considered and evaluated before the decision was made to move the Merlion to One Fullerton, just 120m away from its original home. It was also important that the Merlion remained near the mouth of the Singapore River as the location was historically significant – it marks the area where Sang Nila Utama had spotted the lion.
The historic move for the Merlion and its cub was not a simple one. The operation took days and required Esplanade Drive, a two-way road across the Esplanade Bridge, to be closed. Initially, engineers had a relatively straightforward plan to transport the Merlion under the Esplanade Bridge on a hopper barge. As the statue was thought to be 8m high, it would have just managed to squeeze under the bridge.
However, an additional 0.6m of reinforced concrete under the statue was found when workers dug down to its foundations. The Merlion had no choice but to go over the bridge, and this was done in three stages. First, a crane was used to lift the Merlion from its old position onto a barge that sailed and docked beside the Esplanade Bridge. Then, two 500-tonne cranes were deployed to hoist the 70-tonne Merlion from the barge onto the bridge, and from the bridge back onto the barge that had then sailed to the other side of the bridge. This meant that the Merlion would have been airborne for about five minutes. The journey was completed after the barge transported the Merlion to its new position, where it was installed on a pedestal at One Fullerton. The public was invited to witness the big move as the national icon left its original home for the first time in 30 years.
At its new home at One Fullerton, the Merlion was placed against the backdrop of the Fullerton Hotel and the Raffles Place skyline where it remains today. The Merlion stands on reclaimed land and is once again the gatepost at the mouth of the Singapore River. In addition to the face-lift and restoration of the sculpture, the new Merlion Park also has a viewing deck for tourists to take photographs with the popular icon.
Did you know that the Merlion statue was once struck by lightning? This occurred on 28 February 2009 during a heavy downpour in the late afternoon. A piece of the statue fell from the Merlion’s mane and caused a hole on the waveform at its base. Fortunately, nobody was hurt. The Merlion statue was closed for a month for workers to rectify the damage – and implement lightning protection measures.
The Merlion is not just a Singapore icon. It can be found all over the world, including Hakodate, the third-largest city in Hokkaido, Japan. An 8.6m tall Merlion “sibling” statue is located there, symbolising the long-time friendship between Hakodate and Singapore. This special relationship began in 1992, when STB and the Hakodate International Tourism and Convention Association (HITCA) signed an agreement to mutually promote tourism.
The Merlion has also been the inspiration behind many verses by local writers, such as Ulysses by the Merlion by Edwin Thumboo, and The Merlion to Ulysses by Lee Tzu Pheng as a response to Thumboo.
As Singapore gears up to welcome more international visitors, the 50th anniversary of the Merlion statue is a timely milestone that inspires optimism for the future.
